sourcing map Brass Pipe Fitting 90 Degree Elbow 3/4 BSP Male X 3/4 BSP Female

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Yilmaz, E; Karakurt, L; Belhan, O; Bulut, M; Serin, E; Avci, M (2005). "Variation of carrying angle with age, sex, and special reference to side". Orthopedics. 28 (11): 1360–3. doi: 10.3928/0147-7447-20051101-16. PMID 16295195.

First, we could weld the closed end of a polygonal circular shell or a polygonal sector shell. When the pipe inside filled with pressure medium, its cross section will change from a polygon to a tubular shape. Under internal pressure, the section will be a circular shell. Ring can be cut into four 90 degree elbows or six 60 degree elbow or any other size requirement. Due to advances in technology, the welding process can be applied in different application. For example, it is now possible to weld and manufacture larger diameter steel pipe elbow, especially large diameter that in long radius. Option 2 A crescent-shaped fold is commonly present between the head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus. [8]The name for the elbow in Latin is cubitus, and so the word cubital is used in some elbow-related terms, as in cubital nodes for example. As the name suggests, tennis elbow is sometimes caused by playing tennis, but any activity that puts repeated stress on the elbow joint can cause it.

Tennis elbow is a common condition that affects about 1-3% of the population (about 4 to 7 cases per 1000) every year.It often happens after overuse or repeated action of the muscles of the forearm, near the elbow joint. The ulnar collateral ligament has its apex on the medial epicondyle. Its anterior band stretches from the anterior side of the medial epicondyle to the medial edge of the coronoid process, while the posterior band stretches from posterior side of the medial epicondyle to the medial side of the olecranon. These two bands are separated by a thinner intermediate part and their distal attachments are united by a transverse band below which the synovial membrane protrudes during joint movements. The anterior band is closely associated with the tendon of the superficial flexor muscles of the forearm, even being the origin of flexor digitorum superficialis. The ulnar nerve crosses the intermediate part as it enters the forearm. [8] There are three bones at the elbow joint, and any combination of these bones may be involved in a fracture of the elbow. Patients who are able to fully extend their arm at the elbow are unlikely to have a fracture (98% certainty) and an X-ray is not required as long as an olecranon fracture is ruled out. [27] Acute fractures may not be easily visible on X-ray. [28] Dislocation [ edit ] X-ray of ventral dislocation of the radial head. There is calcification of annular ligament, which can be seen as early as 2 weeks after injury. [29]

The arteries supplying the joint are derived from an extensive circulatory anastomosis between the brachial artery and its terminal branches. The superior and inferior ulnar collateral branches of the brachial artery and the radial and middle collateral branches of the profunda brachii artery descend from above to reconnect on the joint capsule, where they also connect with the anterior and posterior ulnar recurrent branches of the ulnar artery; the radial recurrent branch of the radial artery; and the interosseous recurrent branch of the common interosseous artery. [14] Stainless steel pipe elbow has higher strength and higher corrosion-resistances than carbon steel elbow. For general surface treatment, stainless steel elbow is used in high corrosion environment, such as chemical plants, offshore and gas pipelines. Surface treatment in 2B or mirror, these are used in food industries and sanitary purposes.The angle is greater in the dominant limb than the non-dominant limb of both sexes, [24] suggesting that natural forces acting on the elbow modify the carrying angle. Developmental, [25] aging and possibly racial influences add further to the variability of this parameter. Richmond, Brian G; Fleagle, John G; Kappelman, John; Swisher, Carl C (1998). "First Hominoid From the Miocene of Ethiopia and the Evolution of the Catarrhine Elbow" (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 105 (3): 257–77. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199803)105:3<257::AID-AJPA1>3.0.CO;2-P. PMID 9545073. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-17. Soames, Roger (2018). "2 - Upper limb". Anatomy and Human Movement E-Book: Structure and function (7ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p.102. ISBN 978-0-702-07259-8. If you have tennis elbow, you might be able to refer yourself directly to services for help with your condition without seeing a GP.

Palastanga, Nigel; Soames, Roger (2012). Anatomy and Human Movement: Structure and Function (6thed.). Elsevier. ISBN 9780702040535. O'Dwyer H, O'Sullivan P, Fitzgerald D, Lee MJ, McGrath F, Logan PM (July 2004). "The fat pad sign following elbow trauma in adults: its usefulness and reliability in suspecting occult fracture". Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 28 (4): 562–565. doi: 10.1097/00004728-200407000-00021. ISSN 0363-8715. PMID 15232392. S2CID 8631113. Elbow dislocations constitute 10% to 25% of all injuries to the elbow. The elbow is one of the most commonly dislocated joints in the body, with an average annual incidence of acute dislocation of 6 per 100,000 persons. [30] Among injuries to the upper extremity, dislocation of the elbow is second only to a dislocated shoulder. Paraskevas, G; Papadopoulos, A; Papaziogas, B; Spanidou, S; Argiriadou, H; Gigis, J (2004). "Study of the carrying angle of the human elbow joint in full extension: a morphometric analysis". Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy. 26 (1): 19–23. doi: 10.1007/s00276-003-0185-z. PMID 14648036. S2CID 24369552. Taking painkillers, such as paracetamol, may help reduce mild pain. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, can also be used to help reduce inflammation.Elbow pain can occur for a multitude of reasons, including injury, disease, and other conditions. Common conditions include tennis elbow, golfer's elbow, distal radioulnar joint rheumatoid arthritis, and cubital tunnel syndrome. Two of the most common injuries at the elbow are overuse injuries: tennis elbow and golfer's elbow. [26] Golfer's elbow involves the tendon of the common flexor origin which originates at the medial epicondyle of the humerus (the "inside" of the elbow). [26] Tennis elbow is the equivalent injury, but at the common extensor origin (the lateral epicondyle of the humerus). [26] Fractures [ edit ] Van Roy, P; Baeyens, JP; Fauvart, D; Lanssiers, R; Clarijs, JP (2005). "Arthro-kinematics of the elbow: study of the carrying angle". Ergonomics. 48 (11–14): 1645–56. doi: 10.1080/00140130500101361. PMID 16338730. S2CID 13317929. It's not always easy to avoid getting tennis elbow, for instance if it was caused by something you do at work. Not putting too much stress on the muscles surrounding your elbow will help prevent the condition from getting worse. The elbow joint and the superior radioulnar joint are enclosed by a single fibrous capsule. The capsule is strengthened by ligaments at the sides but is relatively weak in front and behind. [8]